Meaning Shift in Indonesian Culture of Arabic Borrowed Words
Hafiz, Qari’ and Levels of Education under the Department of Religious Affairs
Abstract:
There is ‘shift of emphasis’ in translation studies from text oriented
to text embedded in its network of both source and target cultural
signs. In Indonesian culture, the Arabic borrowed words
hafiz, qari and levels of education under the Department of Religious Affair
’ seem to be used incorrectly. Since, everytime the word
hafiz is mentioned the intended meaning is ‘a man who memorizes by heart Qur’an’ and whenever anyone says
qari’ the
intended meaning is ‘a man who reads Qur’an by vocalizing it. Not to
mension levels of education. That is why this paper is presented to
check out wether or not there is shift of meaning. Analyzing Arabic as
well as Indonesian cultural signs the author concluded that there is
meaning shift of Arabic borrowed words
hafiz, qari and levels of education
’ in Indonesian culture.
Keywords: Meaning shift,
hafiz,
qari’, Arabic versus Indonesian culture
Introduction
Larson states that translation is
Larson, Mildred L. Translation Theory and Practice
. http://www.seasite .niu.edu/trans/articles/Translation Theory and Practice.htm. July 2013
Redefining the old questions about translation studies
Machali, Rochayah.
Kajian Penerjemahan terkait Kajian Budaya: Dengan Kasus-kasus domestication dan foreignization.
In International Seminar on Translation: Orientation & Goal of
Translation Study and Problems Within. Postgraduate Program Yogyakarta
State University. (2010), p 2
‘shift of emphasis’ in translation
studies from text oriented to text embedded in its network of both
source and target cultural signs.
Machali, Rochayah.
Redefining Textual Equivalence in Translation with Special Reference to Indonesian-English. Jakarta: The Translation Center Faculty of Arts- the University of Indonesia. 1998, p 151
In
the case of Qur’anic translationof Al-Baqarah 2:60 and Al-A’raf 7:160,
Kamaliestates that translation shifts occur at the lexicogrammar in
translation of the words “
infajarat and
imbajasat in
Indonesian language. Meaning shift through a change of viewpoint also
occurs in these words which are considered as synonim and translated as
memancar’gushed forth’. Since
infajarat means
’gushed forthwith huge prosperity and powerful’ and
imbajasat means
’gushed forthwith less prosperity and less powerful’. (4)
Dark
and light metaphors in Qur’anic verses have been interpreted with
various interpretations as described by Moslem schoolars.Dark metaphors
are interpreted as
hypocrisy; disbelief; the useless of deeds of
disbelievers; inside salmon’s belly in the deep sea in the night time
(the hardness of being inside salmon’s belly); the hardness of life;and ‘three darknesses’ about embryo interpreted as
placenta, womb and bellywhich means
protection, peacefulnessandcomfortfor embryo. While light metaphors are interpreted as
The source and bestower of light and enlightenment,
religion,
guidance, Holy Books: Torah, Psalter, the New Testament, Al-Qur’an,
Prophet Muhammad, and Allah’s justice in Hereafter. Based on the
above interpretations,by analyzing two types of Qur’anic translations by
the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia
Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya (5) and Jassin
Al-Qur’an Bacaan Mulia (6),
Murtadho concluded that transposition or translation shifts occur at
the lexicogrammar on the Qur’anic dark and light metaphors. Modulation
or meaning shift also exists in term of perspective.(7)
In Indonesian culture, the Arabic words
hafiz and
qari’seem to be used incorrectly. Since everytime the word
hafiz is mentioned the intended meaning is ‘a man who memorizes Qur’an by heart and whenever anyone says
qari’the
intended meaning is ‘a man who reads Qur’an by vocalizing it’.
Therefore, the author presents ‘Meaning Shift of Arabic Borrowed Words
Hafiz, Qari
and levels of education under the Department of Religious Affair in
Indonesian Culture’ to check out wether or not there is shift of
meaning. The discussion will be initiated by analyzing lexical meaning
of
hafiz, qari and levels of education
’as well as
their terminology through dictionaries, The Qur’an: Arabic Text With
Corresponding English Meanings, (8) Islamic literature dealing with
Qur’an and Hadith and an interview with academic staffs of The Islamic
State University (UIN Maliki) Malang Indonesia: Dr. Bakry Bachit a
Sudanese lecturer, Dr. Syuhada’ who had been living in Sudan along time
and Dr. Torkis Lubis who had been in Marocco a long time. (9)
The Meaning of Hafiz
The word
hafizmeans ‘memorizer, one who learns by heart, one who knows by heart’ it derives from
hafiza (‘an zahri qalbin); hafiza ghaiban; istazharathat means to memorize, learn by heart, commit to memory, con; to know by heart.
Hafiza has
other meanings: to keep, preserve, protect, guard, safeguard, shield,
defend, secure; to mantain, sustain, uphold, vindicate, keep up, retain,
hold; to have in custidy, take custidy of; to save, conserve, store,
put away; reserve (10).
Hafiza is categorised as ‘past simple, past perfect, and past continuos’ (11). Checking out the meanings of
hafizaand its derivables
, 41
Qur’anic verses are delivered below utilized with the translation by
using “The Qur’an: Arabic Text with Corresponding English Meanings (see
table 1).
Table 1: Hafiza in Qur’anic versesand their translation
No | Surah &Number of Verse | Translation | Quranic Verses |
1 | An-Nisā' 4:34 | Guarding in (the husband’s) absence what Allah would have them guard. | حفظت للغيب بما حفظ الله |
2 | Al-Ĥijr15:1 | And We have protected it from every devil expelled (from the mercy of Allah) | وحفظنها من كل شيطن رجيم |
3 | Yūsuf12:65 | And protect our brother | و نحفظ أخانا |
4 | An-Nūr 24:30 | And guard their private parts. (from being seen and from unlawful acts). | و يحفظوا فروجهم |
5 | An-Nūr 24:31 | And guard their private parts. | و يحفظن فروجهن |
6 | Ar-Ra`d 13:11 | Who protect him by the decree of Allah | يحفظونه من امر الله |
7 | Al-Mā'idah 5:89 | But guard your oaths (do not take oaths indiscriminately or swear to do that which is sinful, requiring expiation) | واحفظوا ايمنكم |
8 | Al-'An`ām 6:92 | and they are maintaining their prayers | وهم على صلاتهم يحافظون |
9 | Al-Mu'minūn 23:9 | And they who carefully maintain their prayers- | وهم على صلاتهم يحافظون |
10 | Al-Ma`ārij 70:34 | And those who (carefully) maintain their prayer: | والذين هم على صلاتهم يحافظون |
11 | Al-Baqarah 2:238 | Maintain with care the (obligatory) prayers and [in particular] the middle [i.e. ‘asr] prayer | حفظواعلى الصلوت والصلوة الوسطى |
12 | Al-Mā'idah 5:44 | By that with which they were entrusted of the scripture of Allah | بما استحفظوا من كتاب الله |
13 | Aş-Şāffāt 37:7 | And as protection against every rebellious devil | و حفظا من كل شيطان مارد |
14 | Fuşşilat 41:12 | And we adorned the nearest heaven with lamps (i.e. stars, for beauty) and as protection. | وزينا السماء الدنيا بمصابيح وحفظا |
15 | Al-Baqarah 2:255 | And their preservation tires Him not | ولايؤده حفظهما |
16 | Aţ-Ţāriq 86:4 | There is no soul but that is has over it a protector | ان كل نفس لماعليها حافظ |
17 | Yūsuf 12:64 | Allah is the best guardian | فالله خير حافظا |
18 | Al-'Aĥzāb 33:35 | The men who guard their private parts and the women who do so | والحفظين فروجهم والحفظات |
19 | Al-Mu'minūn 23:5 | And they who guard their private parts | والذين هم لفروجهم حفظون |
20 | Al-Ma`ārij 70:29 | And those who guard their private parts | والذين هم لفروجهم حفظون |
21 | At-Tawbah 9:112 | And those who observe the limits (set by) Allah | والحفظون لحدودالله |
22 | Yūsuf 12:12 | we will be his guardians. | وانا له لحفظون |
23 | Yūsuf 12:63 | And indeed, we will be his guardians. ” | وانا له لحفظون |
24 | Al-Ĥijr 15:9 | Indeed, it is We who sent down the message (i.e. the Qur’an), and indeed, We will be its guardian. | انا نحن نزلنا الذكر وانا له لحفظون |
25 | Yūsuf 12:81 | And we were not witnesses of the unseen | وماكنا للغيب حفظين |
26 | Al-'Anbyā' 21:82 | And we were of them a guardian. | وكنا لهم حفظين |
27 | Al-Muţaffifīn 83:33 | But they had not been sent as guardians over them | وما ارسلوا عليهم حفظين |
28 | Al-'Infiţār 82:10 | And indeed, (appointed) over you are keepers, | وان عليكم لحفظين |
29 | Al-'An`ām 6:61 | And He sends over you guardian-angels | ويرسل عليكم حفظة |
30 | Hūd 11:57 | Indeed my Lord is, over all things, Guardian | ان ربي على كل شيء حفيظ |
31 | Yūsuf 12:55 | I will be a knowing guardian.” | اني حفيظ عليم |
32 | Saba' 34:21 | And your Lord, over all things, is Guardian | وربك على كل شيء حفيظ |
33 | Ash-Shūraá 42:6 | Allah is (yet) Guardian over them | الله حفيظ عليم |
34 | Qāf 50:4 | and with Us is a retaining record | وعندنا كتب حفيظ |
35 | Qāf 50:32 | for every returner (to Allah) and keeper (of His covenant)” | لكل اواب حفيظ |
36 | Hūd 11:86 | But I am not a guardian over you. | وما اناعليكم بحفيظ |
37 | An-Nisā' 4:80 | We have not sent you over them as a guardian. | فما ارسلنك عليهم حفيظا |
38 | Surat Al-'An`ām 6:107 | And We have not appointed you over them as a guardian | وما جعلنك عليهم حفيظا |
39 | Ash-Shūraá 42:48 | then We have not seen you, (O Muhammad), over them as a guardian | فما ارسلنك عليهم حفيظا |
40 | Al-Burūj 85:22 | [inscribed] in a preserved Slate | في لوح محفوظ |
41 | Al-'Anbyā' 21:32 | And We made the sky a protected ceiling | وجعلنا السماء سقفا محفوظا |
The use of
hafiza and
its derivablesin above verses can be classified into two: (a) when it
is dealt with Allah The Almighty means protection against every
rebellious devil and the best guardian over all things especially The
Qur’an: “
Indeed, it is We who sent down the message (i.e. the Qur’an), and indeed, We will be its guardian.”,
(b) when it is dealt with mankind means conducting all kinds of deeds:
protection their brother, maintaining their prayers, guardingtheir
oaths,they were entrusted of the scripture of Allahand avoiding
wrongdoings byguarding in (the husband’s) absence, guarding their
private parts (from being seen and from unlawful acts) etc. In other
words,
hafiza refers to the deeds and none of the verses mean
‘learn Quran by heart.’ only one verse explisitly explain that Allah
Almighty guards the Qur’an. However, in dayly life in Sudan and Marocco
hafiz is
used to refer ‘anyone who memorizes Qur’an by heart’, as stated by
academic staffs of The Islamic State University (UIN Maliki) Malang
Indonesia: Dr. Bakry Bachit a Sudanese lecturer, Dr. Syuhada’ and Dr.
Torkis Lubis.
Muslim scholars have given titles to expert in
Hadith: the recorded words, actions and sanctions of the Prophet
Muhammad.The expertise that shows the capability in reciting thousands
of Hadith and its exhausting knowledge needed. There are four
classifications: (a)
Al-Hakim, those who know everything about Hadith, (b)
Al-hujjah, those who recite 300,000 Hadith and their
sanad (c)
Al-Hafiz, those who recite 100,000 Hadith and
(d) Al-Muhaddith, those who recite the huge amount of Hadith. The recent Islamic scholars classify them more detailed:(a)
Amirul Mu’minin, (b)
Al-Hakim, (c)
Al-mutsbit, (d)
Al-Hafiz, (e)
Al-Mufid, (f) Al-Muhaddits, (g)
Al-musnid or
Ar-rawiyah (12).Khon also classifies seven but in different titles: (a)
Amirul Mu’minin, (b)
Al-Hakim, (c)
Al-Hujjah, (d)
Al-Hafidh, (e)
Al-Muhaddits, (f)
Al-Musnid, and (g) thalib al-hadith (13).
In spite of the difference in those classifications of titles, the term
hafiz is used for someone expert in Hadith. However,
hafiz in
dayly usein Indonesia refers to ‘a man who memorizes Qur’an by heart’.
This meaning is also stated in Indonesian dictionary i.e. ‘Kamus Besar
Bahasa Indonesia’that
hafiz n penghafal Alquran ‘a man who memorizes Qur’anby heart’(14). The term
hafiz in plural form
huffaz with
the same meaning is also used in an organisation namely: ‘Jamiyyatul
Qurra’ wal Huffadz’ organisation of people who read Qur’an by vocalizing
it and who memorize it by heart’. See table 2 to grasp up the meanings.
Table 2: Hafiz meanings in two cultures
Specific Culture | Source | Meaning |
Arabic culture | Dictionary (lexical meaning) | a person memorizes by heart any subject matter |
Quranic verses | 1.
when it is dealt with Allah The Almighty means protection against every
rebellious devil and the best guardian over all things especially The
Qur’an “Indeed, it is We who sent down the message (i.e. the Qur’an), and indeed, We will be its guardian.”
2.
when it is dealt with mankind means conducting all kinds of deeds:
protection their brother, maintaining their prayers, guarding their
oaths,they were entrusted of the scripture of Allah and avoiding wrong
doings by guarding in (the husband’s) absence, guarding their private
parts (from being seen and from unlawful acts) etc. |
Hadith terminology | a person who recites 100,000 Hadith |
Dayly use | a person memorizes Qur’an by heart |
Indonesian culture | Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI/ lexical meaning) | n penghafal Alquran ‘a man who memorizes Qur’an by heart’ |
Dayly use | 1. a person memorizes Qur’an by heart
2. The term hafiz in plural form huffaz with
the same meaning is also used in an organisation namely: ‘Jamiyyatul
Qurra’ wal Huffadz’ organisation of people who read Qur’an by vocalizing
it and who memorize Qur’an by heart’. |
Based
on table 2, in Arabic culture which is reflected from above lexical
meaning, Qur’anic verses, Hadith terminologyand dayly use, the word
hafiz means
‘anyone memorizes any subject matter, memorizes Qur’an by heart or
recites at least 100.000 Hadith.In Indonesian culture, however, which is
reflected from Indonesian dictionary (KBBI) and dayly use,
hafiz means a person who memorizes Qur’an by heart and does not reflect to expert in Hadith. Comparing the two cultures of the word
hafiz it can be concluded that there is meaning shift i.e. narrowing the scope of meaning.
The Meaning of Qari’
The word
qari’means ‘reader; reciter.’ It derives from
qaraa: to read, peruse, to recite, to read between the lines, to study under someone’ (15).
Qari’ for male and Qariah for female.
Qaraais
categorised as ‘past simple, past perfect, and past continuos’. (16)
Checking out the meanings of qara’ and its derivables, 18 Qur’anic
verses are delivered below utilized with the translation by using “The
Qur’an: Arabic Text with Corresponding English Meanings, as seen in
table 3. (17)
Table 3: Qara’a and its deviables in Qur’anic verses and their translation
No | Surah & verse | Translation | Quranic Verse |
1 | An-Naĥl 16:98 | So when you recite the Qur’an | فاذا قرأت القرأن |
2 | Al-'Isrā' 17:45 | And when you recite the Qur’an | واذا قرأت القرأن |
3 | Al-Qiyāmah 75:18 | So when We have recited it [through Gabriel], then follow its recitation. | فاذا قرأنه فاتبع قرءانه |
4 | Ash-Shu`arā' 26:199 | And he had recited it to them [perfectly] | فقرأه عليهم |
5 | Al-'Isrā'17:106 | And [it is] a Qur’an which We have separated [by intervals] that you might recite it to the people | وقرآنا فرقنه لتقرأه على الناس |
6 | Surat Al-'Isrā' 17:93 | until you bring down to us a book we may read. | حتى تنزل علينا كتبا نقرأه |
7 | Yūnus 10:94 | Then ask those who have been reading the Scripture before you | فسئل الذين يقرءون الكتب من قبلك |
8 | Al-'Isrā'17:71 | Those will read their records | فأولئك يقرءون كتبهم |
9 | Al-'Isrā' 17:14 | Read your record. | اقرأ كتبك |
10 | Al-`Alaq 96:1 | Recite in the name of your Lord | اقرأ باسم ربك |
11 | Al-`Alaq 96:3 | Recite, and your Lord is the most Generous - | اقرأ وربك الأكرم |
12 | Al-Ĥāqqah 69:19 | he will say, “Here, read my record!” | فيقول هاؤم اقرءوا كتبيه |
13 | Al-Muzzammil 73:20 | So recite what is easy [for you] of the Qur’an.
So recite what is easy from it | فاقرءوا ماتيسر من القرآن
فاقرءوا ماتيسر منه |
14 | Al-'A`rāf 7:204 | So when the Qur’an is recited, then listen to it | وإذا قرئ القرآن فاستمعوا له |
15 | Al-'Inshiqāq 84:21 | And when the Qur’an is recited to them, they do not prostrate [to Allah]? | وإذا قرئ عليهم القرآن لا يسجدون |
16 | Al-'A`lá 87:6 | We will make you recite, [O Muhammad], and you will not forget, | سنقرئك فلا تنسى |
17 | Al-Naml 27:92 | And to recite the Qur’an | وأن أتلو القرأن |
18 | Al-Muzzammil 73:4 | and recite the Qur’an with measured recitation. | ورتل القرآن ترتيلا |
The word
qaraa
and its derivables in above verses has two meanings: read and recite:
i.e. recite the Qur’an, he had recited it to them [perfectly], a book we
may read., those will read their records, read your record and when the
Qur’an is recited, then listen to it. The other terms with the same
meaning i.e.
atluwa which is categorised as ‘present’ in Al-Naml 27:92 /wa an atluwal Qur’an/ ‘ And to recite the Qur’an’and
rattil ‘imperative
verb’in Al-Muzzammil 73:4 /wa rattilil qur’ana tartila/ ‘and recite the
Qur’an with measured recitation’. The gerund of the two words are
tilawah and
tartil (18). In the terminology
of Qiroat (various theories of reading Qur’anic verses), qari’
means ‘beginner who learns by heart Al-Qur’an with three variants of
qiroat, intermediate who learns by heart Al-Qur’an with four or five
variants of qiroat, and highest degree who learns by heart Al-Qur’an
with greatest and the most famous variants of qiroat.
Muqri’ is expert in variant of qiroat and it’s narrators through face to face study (19).
In dayly life in Marocco,
qari’ means undergraduate student and
muqri’ is
‘a person who reads Qur’an verses correctly and by vocalizing it’, as
stated by Dr. Torkis Lubis who had been in Marocco a long time. In Sudan
muqri’ is ‘a person who reads Qur’an verses correctly without vocalizing it’ but in Egypt
muqri’ is
‘a person who reads Qur’an verses correctly and by vocalizing it’, as
stated by Dr. Syuhada’ who had been in Sudan a long time. Indonesian
dictionary i.e. ‘Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia’ mentions that
qari n pembaca Quran (laki-laki) ‘a man who reads Qur’an’ and
qariah n pembaca Quran (wanita) ‘a woman who reads Qur’an’. In dayly use the word
qari’ means ‘a person who reads Qur’an by vocalizing it’. Another term
tilawah n pembacaan (ayat Alquran) dengan baik dan indah ‘reading Qur’an verses correctly and by vocalizing it’. (20)
Table 3: qari’ meanings in two cultures
Specific Culture | Source | Meaning |
Arabic culture | Dictionary (lexical meaning) | qari’means ‘reader; reciter.’ It derives from qaraa: to read, peruse, to recite, to read between the lines, to study under someone’. |
Quranic verses | has
two meanings: read and recite: i.e. recite the Qur’an, he had recited
it to them [perfectly], a book we may read., those will read their
records, read your record and when the Qur’an is recited, then listen to
it. |
terminology of Qiroat (various theories of reading Qur’anic verses) | qari’
means ‘beginner who learns by heart Al-Qur’an with three variants of
qiroat, intermediate who learns by heart Al-Qur’an with four or five
variants of qiroat, and highest degree who learns by heart Al-Qur’an
with greatest and the most famous variants of qiroat. Muqri’ is expert in variant of qiroat and it’s narrators through face to face study. |
Dayly use | Morocco qari’ is ‘an undergraduate student’ and muqri’ is ‘a person who reads Qur’an verses correctly and by vocalizing it’
Sudan muqri’ is ‘a person who reads Qur’an verses correctly without vocalizing it’
Egypt muqri’ is ‘a person who reads Qur’an verses correctly and by vocalizing it’, |
Indonesian culture | Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI/ lexical meaning) | qari n pembaca Quran (laki-laki) ‘a man who reads Qur’an’ and qariah n pembaca Quran (wanita) ‘a woman who reads Qur’an’
Another term tilawah n pembacaan (ayat Alquran) dengan baik dan indah ‘reading Qur’an verses correctly and by vocalizing it’ |
Dayly use | a person who reads Qur’an by vocalizing it |
Based on table 2, in Arabic culture which is reflected from above Qur’anic verses and the terminology
of Qiroat (various theories of reading Qur’anic verses), the word
qari’ means
‘a person reads and recites the Qur’an with all levels,‘beginner who
learns by heart Al-Qur’an with three variants of qiroat, intermediate
who learns by heart Al-Qur’an with four or five variants of qiroat, and
highest degree who learns by heart Al-Qur’an with greatest and the most
famous variants of qiroat.
Muqri’ is expert in variant of
qiroat
and it’s narrators through face to face study.In Indonesian culture,
however, which is reflected from dayly use and Indonesian dictionary,
qari’means a person who reads Qur’an with or without vocalizing it.
Analyzing cultural signs the author finds out that
hafiz in
the source language means expertising in Qur’an and Hadith by
memorizing by heart, while in target language it is limited to
memorizing Qur’an by heart. The word
qari’ in source language indicates expertising in
Qiroat (various
theories of reading Qur’anic verses), while in the target language it
is limited to reading Qur’an by vocalizing it. Anyhow, these words have
become Indonesian language without changing in spelling nor lafal. (21)
Levels of Education
Other
Arabic borrowed words are levels of education under the Department of
Religious Affairs. Indonesian dictionary i.e. ‘Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia’ mentions that
Raudatul atfal n taman kanak-kanak ‘kindergarten’, but the term
Bustanul athfal is
not found in the dictionary. Madrasah n sekolah atau perguruan
(biasanya yang berdasarkan agama Islam) ‘institution of education based
on Islamic religion’ (22). Madrasah is used for three levels:
Al-madrasatu al-ibtidaiyyah ‘Elementary School’,
Al-madrasah al-Tsanawiyyah ‘Yunior High School’ and
Al-madrasah al-Aliyah ‘Senior High School’. The next levels are
Al-ma’had al-ali ‘institute’, and
al-jamiah ‘university’. To make it clear see table 4.
Table 4: Arabic borrowed words in Levels of Education
No | Levels of Education | Arabic Equivalence in | Arabic Borrowed Words and their Abbreviations |
Middle East | Indonesia |
1 | Play group | Al-hadlanah | --- | Not used
Kelompok Belajar / KB |
2 | kindergarten | Raudlatul athfal | Raudlatul athfal /
Bustanul athfal | Raudlatul Athfal / RA |
3 | Elementary School | Al-madrasatu
al-ibtidaiyyah | Al-madrasatu
al-ibtidaiyyah | Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah /MI |
4 | Yunior High School | Al-madrasatu
al-mutawassithatu | Al-madrasah
al-Tsanawiyyah | Madrasah Tsanawiyah /M.Ts |
5 | Senior High School | Al-madrasah
al-Tsanawiyyah | Al-madrasah
al-Aliyah | Madrasah Aliyah /MA |
6 | University | Al-jamiah | Al-jamiah | Not used
Universitas Islam Negeri/UIN |
7 | Institute | Al-ma’had al-ali | Al-ma’had al-ali | Sekolah Tinggi
Institut Agama Islam Negeri /IAIN
Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri/STAIN
Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Swasta/ STAIS |
From Table 4, the Arabic equivalence of ‘play group’,
al-hadlanah is not borrowed word because it is a new term in Indonesia
. Instead,
they use Indonesian term ‘Kelompok Belajar’ which is abbreviated ‘KB’.
The next four levels of education which are abbreviated as RA, MI, MTs,
and MA have been borrowed. RA which stands for
Raudlatul Athfal is used for ‘kindergarten’ but
Bustanul athfal is
not common; MI stands for Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah ‘Elementary School’;
M.Ts stands for Madrasah Tsanawiyah ‘Yunior High School’ and MA stands
for Madrasah Aliyah ‘Senior High School’.
Except Raudlatul Atfal, grammatical shift occurs in deleting
al- ‘a definite article’ from the borrowed words
al-madrasatu al-ibtidaiyyah,
al-madrasah al-Tsanawiyyah and
al-madrasah al-Aliyah. In Middle East Arabic equivalence for Yunior High School is
al-madrasah al-mutawassithah because
mutawassith mean ‘middle, intermediate and they name Senior High School
al-madrasah al-Tsanawiyyah. In Indonesia they use
al-madrasah al-Tsanawiyyah for Yunior High School and
al-madrasah al-Aliyah for Senior High School. The term ‘
aali’ means ‘high, high level’ and the term
ra’lim ‘aali’ and
diraasaat aaliyah mean ‘high education. Therefore, meaning shift occurs for intending
al-madrasah al-Aliyah for Senior High School instead of ‘higher education. (23)
The rest two levels of education
Al-ma’had al-ali ‘institute’, and
al-jamiah ‘university’
are not used as borrowed words in Indonesian language. They use
Indonesian terms: UIN stands for Universitas Islam Negeri ‘Islamic State
University’, IAIN stands for Institut Agama Islam Negeri ‘Islamic State
Institute’, STAIN stands for Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri
‘‘Islamic State Academy’. Meaning shift occurs due to translating
al-madrasatu al-mutawassithatu in the source language ‘Yunior High School’ as
Al-madrasah al-Tsanawiyyah in the target language and Al-madrasah al-Tsanawiyyah ‘Senior High School’ is translated as Al-madrasah al-Aliyah.
Conclusion
Borrowed
words from any foreign language tend to have a shift either in
lexicogrammar or in meaning as occur in the Arabic borrowed words
hafiz, qari and
levels of education under the Department of Religious Affair of the
Republic of Indonesia. Comparing Arabic culture which is reflected from
The Qur’an: Arabic Text With Corresponding English Meanings, the
terminology
of Qiroat (various theories of reading Qur’anic
verses), the terminology of Hadith, dayly use in middle East countries:
Sudan, Egypt and Morocco and Indonesian culture which is reflected from
Indonesian dictionary i.e. ‘Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia’ and dayly use
the author concluded that meaning shift occur in these borrowed words.
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